Lucius Tamm, Barbara Thuerig, Stoilko Apostolov, Hugh Blogg, Esmeralda Borgo, Paola E. Corneo, Susanne Fittje, Michelangelo de Palma, Ádám Donkó, Catherine Experton, E. Marin, Ángela Morell Pérez, I. Pertot, Anton M. H. Rasmussen, Håvard Steinshamn, Airi Vetemaa, Helga Willer, Joëlle Herforth-Rahm. Copper use in organic agriculture in twelve European countries.. 2021. agriXiv.2021.00108
Copper use in organic agriculture in twelve European countries.
DOI: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00108
Statement: This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. It reports new research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice.
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Abstract: Abstract Reduction of copper-based fungicides with the final aim of phasing out has a high priority in European policy as well as in organic agriculture. Our survey aims at providing an overview of the current use of copper-based plant protection products in European organic agriculture and the need for alternatives to allow policy makers to develop strategies for a complete phasing out. Due to a lack of centralized databases on pesticide use, our survey combines expert knowledge on permitted and real copper use per crop and country with statistics on organic area. In the 12 surveyed countries, covering together 83% of the European organically managed horticultural area, we calculated approximately 3258 t copper metal per year are consumed by organic agriculture, equalling to 53% of the permitted annual dosage. This amount is split between olives (1263 t y -1 , 39%), grapevine (990t y -1 , 30%), and almonds (317 t y -1 , 10%), followed by other crops with much smaller annual uses (<80 t y -1 ). Potato, usually considered a highly demanding plant for copper inputs, only uses 39 t y -1 of copper per year. In 56% of the allowed cases (countries × crops), farmers use less than half of the allowed amount, and in 27% less than a quarter, with some variability between countries. Considering the large volumes of copper used annually, replacement of copper seems only feasible if all preventive strategies from the crop protection pyramid are fully implemented and several affordable alternative plant protection products are successfully brought to the market.
Key words: organic agriculture; copper; countries; of copper; allowed; less thaSubmit time: 1 January 2021
Copyright: The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted agriXiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
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