DOI：10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00108

Copper use in organic agriculture in twelve European countries.

•  

  Abstract: Abstract Reduction of copper-based fungicides with the final aim of phasing out has a high priority in European policy as well as in organic agriculture. Our survey aims at providing an overview of the current use of copper-based plant protection products in European organic agriculture and the need for alternatives to allow policy makers to develop strategies for a complete phasing out. Due to a lack of centralized databases on pesticide use, our survey combines expert knowledge on permitted and real copper use per crop and country with statistics on organic area. In the 12 surveyed countries, covering together 83% of the European organically managed horticultural area, we calculated approximately 3258 t copper metal per year are consumed by organic agriculture, equalling to 53% of the permitted annual dosage. This amount is split between olives (1263 t y -1 , 39%), grapevine (990t y -1 , 30%), and almonds (317 t y -1 , 10%), followed by other crops with much smaller annual uses (<80 t y -1 ). Potato, usually considered a highly demanding plant for copper inputs, only uses 39 t y -1 of copper per year. In 56% of the allowed cases (countries × crops), farmers use less than half of the allowed amount, and in 27% less than a quarter, with some variability between countries. Considering the large volumes of copper used annually, replacement of copper seems only feasible if all preventive strategies from the crop protection pyramid are fully implemented and several affordable alternative plant protection products are successfully brought to the market.

  Key words: organic agriculture; copper; countries; of copper; allowed; less tha

  提交时间：2021-01-01

  版权声明：作者本人独立拥有该论文的版权，预印本系统仅拥有论文的永久保存权利。任何人未经允许不得重复使用。
• html

• 图表

• Jonathan Paul Case. Policy coherence for national climate change adaptation and invasive species management in four countries.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00055

  K. V. Daniel, Mark A. Bradford, Emma Fuller, Emily E. Oldfield, Stephen A. Woo. Soil organic matter effects on US maize production and crop insurance payouts under drought.. 2020. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2020.00018

  Kristal Jones, Andreea Nowak, Erika Berglund, Willow Grinnell, Emmanuel Temu, Birthe K. Paul, Leah L.R. Renwick, Peter Steward, Todd S. Rosenstock, Anthony A. Kimar. Integrating evidence of potential impacts of climate-smart agriculture in Tanzania.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00103

  M. C. Onyema, Chukwudi C. Nwaigw. Urban agriculture: a timely game changer for urban residents in Nigeria.. 2020. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2020.00016

  C. A. Rose Mary, A. Raji Sukumar, N. Hemalath. Text based smart answering system in agriculture using RNN.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00071

  Viviane Costa Silva, Mateus Silva Rocha, Gláucia Amorim Faria, Sílvio Fernando Alves Xavier, Tiago Almeida de Oliveira, Ana Patrícia Bastos Peixot. Boosting algorithms for prediction in agriculture: an application of feature importance and feature selection boosting algorithms for prediction crop damage.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00092

  Eduardo Santos Rodrigues, Gabriel Sgarbiero Montanha, Marcos Henrique Feresin Gomes, Nádia Marion Duran, Camila Graziele Corrêa, Sara Luiza Zachi Romeu, Anderson do Espírito Santo Pereira, Jhones Luiz de Oliveira, Eduardo de Almeida, Alejandro Pérez‐de‐Luque, Subhasis Ghoshal, Catherine Santaella, Renata de Lima, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalh. Are nanomaterials leading to more efficient agriculture? Outputs from 2009-2022 research metadata analysis.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00054

  Rohit Raj Jha, Gopal Prasad Khanal, Kavita Isvara. Factors affecting crop field use by Blackbuck in Krishnasaar Conservation Area, Nepal.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00098

  Getaneh Sileshi, A. Zemedkun, S. Nurhussie. Assessment of the pesticide use, practice and hazards on cotton growing farmers in the Awash Valley Ethiopia.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00044

  Eric Bastos Görgens, Danielle Piuzana Mucida, Bruno Hericlles Lopes Silva, Huezer Viganô Sperandio, Maria Luiza de Azevedo, Ilziane Carmem Martins, Tamara Kelly Marques Rocha Nunes, Vinícius Orlandi Barbosa Lima, Israel Marinho Pereira, Marcelino Santos de Morai. Payment for environmental services as a strategy to influence land use change dynamics.. 2021. doi: 10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00051

• 序号	提交日期	编号	操作
  1	2021-01-01	10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00108V1	下载

• 公开评论  匿名评论  仅发给作者 提交评论